Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet developed by Microsoft for Windows, macOS, Android and iOS.It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications (VBA). It has been a very widely applied spreadsheet for these platforms, especially since version 5 in 1993, and it has replaced Lotus 1-2-3 as the industry standard for. Download macOS Catalina for an all‑new entertainment experience. Your music, TV shows, movies, podcasts, and audiobooks will transfer automatically to the Apple Music, Apple TV, Apple Podcasts, and Apple Books apps where you’ll still have access to your favorite iTunes features, including purchases, rentals, and imports. The Worksheet Saga is a generative puzzle game that takes place in an Excel spreadsheet, building on John Conway’s Game of Life. These iconic and simple algorithms encourage emergent and engaging play, using colors, simple rules,. Click to get the latest Buzzing content. Take A Sneak Peak At The Movies Coming Out This Week (8/12) Music festivals are BACK and we’re ready for it.

An operating system is the most important software that runs on a computer. It manages the computer's memory, processes, and all of its software and hardware. It also allows you to communicate with the computer without knowing how to speak the computer's 'language.' Without an operating system, a computer is useless.

The Operating System's Job

You've probably heard the phrase boot your computer, but do you know what that means? Booting is the process that occurs when you press the power button to turn your computer on. During this process (which may take a minute or two), the computer does several things:

• It runs tests to make sure everything is working correctly
• It checks for new hardware
• It then starts up the operating system

When you booted up your computer today, you will have seen these screens:

Windows 7, when booted up (without your personal background, widgets, etc)

Once the operating system has started up, it manages all of the software and hardware on the computer. Most of the time, there are many different programs running at the same time, and they all need to access your computer's Central Processing Unit (CPU), memory, and storage. The operating system coordinates all of this to make sure that each program gets what it needs. Without the operating system, the software wouldn't even be able to talk to the hardware, and the computer would be useless. If you ever accidentally delete the operating system, you'll get a black screen and a couple of white characters on your screen, and the worrying statement: 'No operating system found' which requires an expensive and time-consuming visit to a computer repair workshop.

Types of Operating Systems

Operating systems usually come preloaded on any computer that you buy. Most people use the operating system that comes with their computer, but it is possible to upgrade or even change operating systems.

The three most common operating systems for personal computers are Microsoft Windows, Apple Mac OS X, and Linux.

Modern operating systems use a Graphical User Interface, or GUI. A GUI lets you use your mouse to click on icons, buttons, and menus, and everything is clearly displayed on the screen using a combination of graphics and text. It's the exact type of computer system that you have been using your entire life. When I was a youngster GUIs didn't really exist. We were greeted with a screen like this when we turned our computers on:

From this Commodore 64 start screen the user would have to type in commands to bring up individual programs. Can you see how much easier it is to just click on the icon for e.g. Word to load the program than to have to search for it each time you want to use it? GUIs revolutionised how we interact with computers.

Before GUIs, computers had a command-line interface, which meant the user had to type every single command to the computer, and the computer would only display text.

Microsoft Windows

Microsoft created the Windows operating system in the mid-1980s. Over the years, there have been many different versions of Windows, but the most popular ones are Windows 7 (released in 2009), Windows Vista (2007), and Windows XP (2001). Windows comes preloaded on most new PCs, which helps to make it the most popular operating system in the world. Windows XP was in common use for a long time, and it built Microsoft into one of the biggest companies in the world. Windows Vista was criticized heavily for being difficult to use and slow, and in many ways it made Microsoft a less successful company. Microsoft are now hoping that Windows 8 rebuilds their fortune, but with competitors such as Apple and Google releasing their own excellent operating systems, it seems likely that Windows 8 will only be massively popular in businesses.

Windows 7

Apple Mac OS X

Mac OS is a line of operating systems created by Apple Inc. It comes preloaded on all new Macintosh computers, or Macs. All of the recent versions are known as Mac OS X (pronounced Mac O-S Ten), and their specific version names are Mountain Lion (released in 2012), Lion (2011), and Snow Leopard (2009). Apple also offers a version called Mac OS X Server, which is designed to be run on servers.

According to StatCounter Global Stats, Mac OS X users account for 6.3% of the operating systems market as of June 2011 - much lower than the percentage of Windows users (over 90%). One reason for this is that Apple computers tend to be more expensive. However, many people prefer the look and feel of Mac OS X.

OS X is also cheap. When you buy an Apple computer it comes installed on it, and any upgrades are priced below £20. Indeed, upgrades for iPads and iPhones are always free, despite the fact that making each upgrade will have cost Apple tens of millions of dollars. Comparing these free upgrades with Microsoft's £150 operating system upgrades makes Apple computers seem like a better option, although the Apple computers are more expensive to purchase in the first place.

Mac OS X Lion

Linux

Linux (pronounce LINN-ux) is a family of open source operating systems, which means that they can be modified and distributed by anyone around the world- for no cost. This is very different from proprietary software like Windows, which can only be modified by the company that owns it (Microsoft). The main advantage of Linux are that it is free, and there are many different distributions (or versions) that you can choose from. Each distribution has a different look and feel, and the most popular ones include Ubuntu, Mint, and Fedora.

Linux users account for less than 1% of the operating systems market as of June 2011. However, most servers run Linux because it's relatively easy to customize. This web page is hosted on a Linux server, and around 90% of the web pages you will see today will be sent to your screen via a Linux host.

Ubuntu Linux

Operating Systems for Mobile Devices

The operating systems that we've been talking about were designed to run on desktop or laptop computers. Mobile devices such as phones, tablet computers, and mp3 players are very different from desktop and laptop computers, so they run operating systems that are designed specifically for mobile devices. Examples of mobile operating systems include Apple iOS, Windows Phone 7, and Google Android.

Operating Systems for mobile devices generally aren't as fully-featured as those made for desktop or laptop computers, and they aren't able to run all of the same software. However, you can still do a lot of things with them, such as watching movies, browsing the internet, managing your calendar, playing games, and more. In many ways tablet and mobile operating systems are better; just as it was hard to use the operating system on the Commodore 64 when I was young (remember the blue screen above with no icons on it?) Tablet operating systems are far easier to use than their computer equivalents. Indeed Charlie, my son, has been using the iPad since he was three. Clicking on an app and having it start automatically (and quickly) is surely the future of computing.

Your work for today:
Copy and paste the questions from
https://docs.google.com/document/pub?id=1k5PlRYYD4_MkLHl-IjHHQ41oo4K81vuqK38Ey9mR5go
into a Word document in your pupil ICT file.
This week the questions are set out for you. Each question should be answered in the lesson. If you do not complete the work in the allocated time then you must finish it in your free time. Answer each question using sentences, and if you have any problems, then as the saying goes: 'Google is your friend'!

Macintosh Programmer's Workshop

Developer(s)	Apple Computer
Initial release	September 24, 1986; 34 years ago
Stable release	3.6d7
Operating system	Classic Mac OS
Type	Software development tool
License	closed-source freeware
Website	Official MPW website at the Wayback Machine (archived May 14, 2011)

Macintosh Programmer's Workshop (MPW) is a software development environment for the Classic Mac OSoperating system, written by Apple Computer. For Macintosh developers, it was one of the primary tools for building applications for System 7.x and Mac OS 8.x and 9.x. Initially MPW was available for purchase as part of Apple's professional developers program, but Apple made it a free download after it was superseded by CodeWarrior. On Mac OS X it was replaced by the Project BuilderIDE, which eventually became Xcode.

Design[edit]

MPW provided a command line environment and tools, including 68k and PowerPC assemblers as well as Pascal, C and C++compilers. The shell environment is somewhat similar to Unix shells in design, but is designed around the Macintosh's character set and GUI, replacing the usual terminal environment with a 'worksheet' interface, allowing the user to select and run arbitrary sections of a shell script or to redo commands with no retyping. In addition, command line tools were commonly provided with a somewhat standardized graphical interface named Commando that provided limited access to the command line capabilities of the program. The debuggers were not integrated into MPW like most IDEs of today but the language compilers supported the symbolic debugging information file format used by the debugger. MPW supported a source-level debugger called SADE (Symbolic Application Debugging Environment). SADE was not an MPW Tool, but ran as a separate application with a user interface similar to MPW.

Apple's compilers had some features that were not common on other platforms—for example, the Pascal compiler was object-oriented, while the C and C++ compilers included support for length-prefixed strings (needed for Pascal-oriented APIs).

Pascal was Apple's original preferred language for Macintosh software development,^[1] and MPW was initially released with only Pascal support. A C compiler was released with MPW 2.0. The MPW C compiler was written under contract for Apple by Greenhills, a Macintosh-variant of the Green Hills C compiler designed specially for Apple and which was similar to the version that was available for the Lisa Workshop.^[2][3] In addition, the original MPW C compiler was known for its casual and frequently humorous error messages ('we already did this function'),^[4] as well as occasionally addressing users by name.^[5] These quirks were not carried on after the PowerPC transition, when Apple replaced the originals with compilers written by Symantec. Pascal support was no longer provided by the mid-90s due to declining popularity of the language.MPW was always targeted to a professional audience and was seldom used by hobbyist developers due to the considerable price for the package; by the time it was made freeware it had long since been superseded by offerings from Symantec and Metrowerks, as well as Apple's own development tools inherited from NeXT and distributed for free with OS X. It was also occasionally available as a wrapper environment for third-party compilers, a practice used by both Metrowerks and Absoft among others. Apple has officially discontinued further development of MPW and the last version of OS X to run it is 10.4 'Tiger', the last one to support the Classic environment. Apple maintained a web site and mailing lists that supported the software long after its discontinuation, but that site now redirects to the Xcode page.

MPW Shell[edit]

The MPW Shell featured redirection of output to files, as well as to windows. If a file were open, the output would go to the file and to the open window. This redirection of output required significant patching out of the file system calls so that tools need not do anything special to inherit this feature: the MPW Shell did all of the work.

The MPW Shell command language was based on the Unix csh language, but was extended to support the main features of the Macintosh GUI. It had simple commands to create menus, dialogs (prompts), and new shell windows. The cursor could be controlled, and MPW scripts or tools could easily be attached to a menu item. Command key shortcuts could be specified. Window size and location could be controlled. These features were popular in commercial production environments, where complicated build and packaging processes were all controlled by elaborate scripts.

The shell had some important differences from its Unix counterparts. For instance, the classic Mac OS had nothing comparable to Unix fork(), so MPW tools were effectively called as subroutines of the shell; only one could be running at any one time, and tools could not themselves run other tools. These limitations were the inspiration for the MacRelix project, a 'Unix-like system' for classic Mac OS.^[6]

Look and feel[edit]

Functionally, a worksheet is a cross between a text editor document and an xterm window. Each worksheet window is persistently bound to a file. The user may type anything anywhere in the window, including commands, which can be executed via the keyboard's Enter key; command output appears at the insertion point. Unlike an xterm window, an MPW worksheet is always in visual editing mode and can be freely reorganized by its user. Hence a worksheet can be purely a command script or purely a text document or a mixture of the two—an integrated document describing the history, maintenance procedures and test results of a software project. The commercial BBEdit text editor retains a feature it calls 'shell worksheets' on Mac OS X. The Emacs text editor provides shell buffers, a similar feature that works across platforms.

Other tools[edit]

MPW included a version of make. Its syntax was conceptually similar to that of Unix make, but the MacRomanlong f character to indicate dependencies. More significantly, since the limitations of the shell precluded the make program from running tools itself, it had to work by composing a script of compile/link actions to be run, then delivering that to the shell for execution. While this was good enough most of the time, it precluded makefiles that could make on-the-fly decisions based on the results of a previous action.

Although not implemented as MPW tools, the package also came with several source-level debuggers through its history; SourceBug and SADE (Symbolic Application Debugging Environment) were used on MC680x0 systems, while the Power Mac Debugger (known during development as R2Db^[7]) provided both local and remote debugging services for PowerPC systems, the latter by using a server program known as a 'debugger nub' on the computer being debugged.

The Worksheet Saga Mac Os 11

Writing MPW tools[edit]

MPW included a set of standard C libraries sufficient for developers to build their own MPW tools. Many Unix utilities could be ported with little change. One point of difficulty was the Mac OS newline convention, which was different from Unix. Another was the pathname separator, ':' in Mac OS, but many Unix utilities assumed '/'. Many Unix utilities also assumed pathnames would not have embedded spaces, a common practice on Macs.

For a number of years, the GNU toolchain included portability support for MPW as part of libiberty. This was used to support MPW-hosted cross-compilers used by General Magic and several other developers.

History[edit]

MPW was started in late 1985 by Rick Meyers, Jeff Parrish, and Dan Smith (now Dan Keller). It was going to be called the Macintosh Programmer's System, or MPS. (Notice that coincidentally the three last names start with MPS.) 'MPS ' has always been the creator signature of the MPW Shell as a result of this. Since MPW was to be the successor to the Lisa Workshop, they decided to rename it the Macintosh Programmer's Workshop. Before the arrival of MPW, Mac applications had to be cross-developed on a Lisa.

The MPW Pascal compiler is descended from the Lisa Pascal compiler. Apple's Larry Tesler worked with Niklaus Wirth to come up with Object Pascal extensions which Ken Doyle incorporated in one of the last versions of the Lisa Pascal compiler. This enabled MacApp.

Early contributors included Rick Meyers (project lead and MPW Shell command interpreter), Jeff Parrish (MPW Shell editor), Dan Smith (MPW Shell commands), Ira Ruben (assembler and many of the tools including Backup, PasMat, and more), Fred Forsman (Make, Print, SADE, and assembler macro processor), Al Hoffman (Pascal compiler) Roger Lawrence (Pascal and C compilers, including the error messages), Ken Friedenbach (linker), Johan Strandberg (Rez, DeRez, RezDet), Steve Hartwell (C libraries), and Dan Allen (MacsBug, editor). The Apple Numerics Group also contributed math libraries.

MPW 1.0 was completed on September 24, 1986. A shell memory leak was fixed on October 10, 1986, and MPW 1.0.1 was born. MPW 2.0 was completed on July 20, 1987, and MPW 3.0 was done November 30, 1988. MPW 3.1, 3.2, and 3.3 came in the next few years. MPW 3.4 was completed July 14, 1995, and MPW 3.5 was done December 17, 1999. MPW 3.6 was under development when work was halted in late 2001.

The Worksheet Saga Mac Os Catalina

During MPW's twilight years, Greg Branche supported MPW unofficially through the Apple MPW-dev mailing list. The list, and the lists.apple.com server that hosted it, was planned to be shut down January 17, 2014,^[8] a decision that was later reversed.^[9]

Legacy[edit]

MPW can still be used to develop for Mac OS X, but support is limited to Carbon applications for PowerPC-based computers. To develop Mac OS X applications based on other technologies, one must use either Xcode or another OS X-compatible development environment. MPW also included a version control system called Projector; this has been superseded by modern version control systems and is no longer supported in Mac OS X.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

The Worksheet Saga Mac Os X

1. ^Webster, Bruce (February 1986). 'Programming Tool and the Atari ST'. BYTE. p. 331. Retrieved 9 May 2015.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
2. ^'Re: [Humor ] Old MPW C error messages'. Archived from the original on 2014-05-28. Retrieved 2014-05-27.
3. ^Allen, Dan (1 January 1988). 'Dr Dobb's – The Macintosh Programmer's Workshop'. Retrieved 2021-02-21.
4. ^MPW C Error Messages, May 15, 1994 - Robert Lentz
5. ^'Re: Will the last one to leave please turn off the lights?'. Archived from the original on 2014-05-28. Retrieved 2014-05-27.
6. ^'MacRelix Origins'.
7. ^Short for RISC 2-machine Debugger; http://www.mactech.com/articles/develop/issue_17/Falk_Topping_final.html
8. ^'Will the last one to leave please turn off the lights?'. Archived from the original on 2014-05-28. Retrieved 2014-05-27.
9. ^'Reprieve!'. Archived from the original on 2014-02-14. Retrieved 2014-05-27.

External links[edit]

• Official MPW website at the Wayback Machine (archived May 14, 2011)
• MPW 3.5 Download from Apple FTP Mirror & Updates

The Worksheet Saga Mac Os Download